Module Stdlib.Seq

Consuming sequences
Constructing sequences
Transforming sequences
Combining sequences
Splitting a sequence into two sequences
\Converting between sequences and dispensers
Sequences of integers

Instructions: Use this module in your project

In the IDE (CLion, Visual Studio Code, Xcode, etc.) you use for your DkSDK project:

Add the following to your project's dependencies/CMakeLists.txt:

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DkSDKProject_DeclareAvailable(ocaml
    CONSTRAINT "= 4.14.0"
    FINDLIBS str unix runtime_events threads dynlink)
DkSDKProject_MakeAvailable(ocaml)

Add the Findlib::ocaml library to any desired targets in src/*/CMakeLists.txt:

Copy

target_link_libraries(YourPackage_YourLibraryName
     # ... existing libraries, if any ...
     Findlib::ocaml)

Click your IDE's Build button

Not using DkSDK?

FIRST, do one or all of the following:

Run:
Copy
```
opam install ocaml.4.14.0
```

Edit your dune-project and add:

Copy

(package
  (name YourExistingPackage)
  (depends
  ; ... existing dependenices ...
  (ocaml (>= 4.14.0))))

Then run:

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dune build *.opam # if this fails, run: dune build

Edit your <package>.opam file and add:

Copy

depends: [
  # ... existing dependencies ...
  "ocaml" {>= "4.14.0"}
]

Then run:

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opam install . --deps-only

FINALLY, add the library to any desired (library)and/or (executable) targets in your **/dune files:

Copy

(library
  (name YourLibrary)
  ; ... existing library options ...
  (libraries
    ; ... existing libraries ...
    ))

(executable
  (name YourExecutable)
  ; ... existing executable options ...
  (libraries
    ; ... existing libraries ...
    ))

type``'a t`` = ``unit-> 'a node

A sequence xs of type 'a t is a delayed list of elements of type 'a. Such a sequence is queried by performing a function application xs(). This function application returns a node, allowing the caller to determine whether the sequence is empty or nonempty, and in the latter case, to obtain its head and tail.

and``+'a node`` =


| Nil

| Cons of 'a*'a t

A node is either Nil, which means that the sequence is empty, or Cons (x, xs), which means that x is the first element of the sequence and that xs is the remainder of the sequence.

Consuming sequences

The functions in this section consume their argument, a sequence, either partially or completely:

is_empty and uncons consume the sequence down to depth 1. That is, they demand the first argument of the sequence, if there is one.
iter, fold_left, length, etc., consume the sequence all the way to its end. They terminate only if the sequence is finite.
for_all, exists, find, etc. consume the sequence down to a certain depth, which is a priori unpredictable.

Similarly, among the functions that consume two sequences, one can distinguish two groups:

iter2 and fold_left2 consume both sequences all the way to the end, provided the sequences have the same length.
for_all2, exists2, equal, compare consume the sequences down to a certain depth, which is a priori unpredictable.

The functions that consume two sequences can be applied to two sequences of distinct lengths: in that case, the excess elements in the longer sequence are ignored. (It may be the case that one excess element is demanded, even though this element is not used.)

None of the functions in this section is lazy. These functions are consumers: they force some computation to take place.

valis_empty :'a t -> bool

is_empty xs determines whether the sequence xs is empty.

It is recommended that the sequence xs be persistent. Indeed, is_empty xs demands the head of the sequence xs, so, if xs is ephemeral, it may be the case that xs cannot be used any more after this call has taken place.

since 4.14

valuncons :'a t -> ``('a*'a t)`` option

If xs is empty, then uncons xs is None.

If xs is nonempty, then uncons xs is Some (head xs, tail xs), that is, a pair of the head and tail of the sequence xs.

This equivalence holds if xs is persistent. If xs is ephemeral, then uncons must be preferred over separate calls to head and tail, which would cause xs to be queried twice.

since 4.14

vallength :'a t -> int

length xs is the length of the sequence xs.

The sequence xs must be finite.

since 4.14

val iter : ``('a ->unit)``-> 'a t -> unit

iter f xs invokes f x successively for every element x of the sequence xs, from left to right.

It terminates only if the sequence xs is finite.

val fold_left : ``('a -> 'b -> 'a)`` -> 'a -> 'b t -> 'a

fold_left f _ xs invokes f _ x successively for every element x of the sequence xs, from left to right.

An accumulator of type 'a is threaded through the calls to f.

It terminates only if the sequence xs is finite.

valiteri : ``(``int-> 'a ->unit)``-> 'a t -> unit

iteri f xs invokes f i x successively for every element x located at index i in the sequence xs.

It terminates only if the sequence xs is finite.

iteri f xs is equivalent to iter (fun (i, x) -> f i x) (zip (ints 0) xs).

since 4.14

val fold_lefti : ``('b ->``int-> 'a -> 'b)`` -> 'b -> 'a t -> 'b

fold_lefti f _ xs invokes f _ i x successively for every element x located at index i of the sequence xs.

An accumulator of type 'b is threaded through the calls to f.

It terminates only if the sequence xs is finite.

fold_lefti f accu xs is equivalent to fold_left (fun accu (i, x) -> f accu i x) accu (zip (ints 0) xs).

since 4.14

val for_all : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> bool

for_all p xs determines whether all elements x of the sequence xs satisfy p x.

The sequence xs must be finite.

since 4.14

val exists : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> bool

exists xs p determines whether at least one element x of the sequence xs satisfies p x.

The sequence xs must be finite.

since 4.14

val find : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a option

find p xs returns Some x, where x is the first element of the sequence xs that satisfies p x, if there is such an element.

It returns None if there is no such element.

The sequence xs must be finite.

since 4.14

val find_map : ``('a -> 'boption``)``-> 'a t -> 'b option

find_map f xs returns Some y, where x is the first element of the sequence xs such that f x = Some _, if there is such an element, and where y is defined by f x = Some y.

It returns None if there is no such element.

The sequence xs must be finite.

since 4.14

val iter2 : ``('a -> 'b ->unit)``-> 'a t -> 'b t -> unit

iter2 f xs ys invokes f x y successively for every pair (x, y) of elements drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then iteration stops as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored.

Iteration terminates only if at least one of the sequences xs and ys is finite.

iter2 f xs ys is equivalent to iter (fun (x, y) -> f x y) (zip xs ys).

since 4.14

val fold_left2 : ``('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'a)`` -> 'a -> 'b t -> 'c t -> 'a

fold_left2 f _ xs ys invokes f _ x y successively for every pair (x, y) of elements drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys.

An accumulator of type 'a is threaded through the calls to f.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then iteration stops as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored.

Iteration terminates only if at least one of the sequences xs and ys is finite.

fold_left2 f accu xs ys is equivalent to fold_left (fun accu (x, y) -> f accu x y) (zip xs ys).

since 4.14

val for_all2 : ``('a -> 'b ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'b t -> bool

for_all2 p xs ys determines whether all pairs (x, y) of elements drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys satisfy p x y.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then iteration stops as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored. In particular, if xs or ys is empty, then for_all2 p xs ys is true. This is where for_all2 and equal differ: equal eq xs ys can be true only if xs and ys have the same length.

At least one of the sequences xs and ys must be finite.

for_all2 p xs ys is equivalent to for_all (fun b -> b) (map2 p xs ys).

since 4.14

val exists2 : ``('a -> 'b ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'b t -> bool

exists2 p xs ys determines whether some pair (x, y) of elements drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys satisfies p x y.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then iteration must stop as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored.

At least one of the sequences xs and ys must be finite.

exists2 p xs ys is equivalent to exists (fun b -> b) (map2 p xs ys).

since 4.14

val equal : ``('a -> 'b ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'b t -> bool

Provided the function eq defines an equality on elements, equal eq xs ys determines whether the sequences xs and ys are pointwise equal.

At least one of the sequences xs and ys must be finite.

since 4.14

val compare : ``('a -> 'b ->int)``-> 'a t -> 'b t -> int

Provided the function cmp defines a preorder on elements, compare cmp xs ys compares the sequences xs and ys according to the lexicographic preorder.

For more details on comparison functions, see Array.sort.

At least one of the sequences xs and ys must be finite.

since 4.14

Constructing sequences

The functions in this section are lazy: that is, they return sequences whose elements are computed only when demanded.

valempty :'a t

empty is the empty sequence. It has no elements. Its length is 0.

valreturn :'a -> 'a t

return x is the sequence whose sole element is x. Its length is 1.

valcons :'a -> 'a t -> 'a t

cons x xs is the sequence that begins with the element x, followed with the sequence xs.

Writing cons (f()) xs causes the function call f() to take place immediately. For this call to be delayed until the sequence is queried, one must instead write (fun () -> Cons(f(), xs)).

since 4.11

valinit : ``int->``(``int-> 'a)`` -> 'a t

init n f is the sequence f 0; f 1; ...; f (n-1).

n must be nonnegative.

If desired, the infinite sequence f 0; f 1; ... can be defined as map f (ints 0).

raises Invalid_argument

if n is negative.
since 4.14

val unfold : ``('b -> ``('a*'b)`` option``)`` -> 'b -> 'a t

unfold constructs a sequence out of a step function and an initial state.

If f u is None then unfold f u is the empty sequence. If f u is Some (x, u') then unfold f u is the nonempty sequence cons x (unfold f u').

For example, unfold (function [] -> None | h :: t -> Some (h, t)) l is equivalent to List.to_seq l.

since 4.11

valrepeat :'a -> 'a t

repeat x is the infinite sequence where the element x is repeated indefinitely.

repeat x is equivalent to cycle (return x).

since 4.14

valforever : ``(``unit-> 'a)`` -> 'a t

forever f is an infinite sequence where every element is produced (on demand) by the function call f().

For instance, forever Random.bool is an infinite sequence of random bits.

forever f is equivalent to map f (repeat ()).

since 4.14

valcycle :'a t -> 'a t

cycle xs is the infinite sequence that consists of an infinite number of repetitions of the sequence xs.

If xs is an empty sequence, then cycle xs is empty as well.

Consuming (a prefix of) the sequence cycle xs once can cause the sequence xs to be consumed more than once. Therefore, xs must be persistent.

since 4.14

val iterate : ``('a -> 'a)`` -> 'a -> 'a t

iterate f x is the infinite sequence whose elements are x, f x, f (f x), and so on.

In other words, it is the orbit of the function f, starting at x.

since 4.14

Transforming sequences

The functions in this section are lazy: that is, they return sequences whose elements are computed only when demanded.

val map : ``('a -> 'b)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t

map f xs is the image of the sequence xs through the transformation f.

If xs is the sequence x0; x1; ... then map f xs is the sequence f x0; f x1; ....

valmapi : ``(``int-> 'a -> 'b)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t

mapi is analogous to map, but applies the function f to an index and an element.

mapi f xs is equivalent to map2 f (ints 0) xs.

since 4.14

val filter : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a t

filter p xs is the sequence of the elements x of xs that satisfy p x.

In other words, filter p xs is the sequence xs, deprived of the elements x such that p x is false.

val filter_map : ``('a -> 'boption``)``-> 'a t -> 'b t

filter_map f xs is the sequence of the elements y such that f x = Some y, where x ranges over xs.

filter_map f xs is equivalent to map Option.get (filter Option.is_some (map f xs)).

val scan : ``('b -> 'a -> 'b)`` -> 'b -> 'a t -> 'b t

If xs is a sequence [x0; x1; x2; ...], then scan f a0 xs is a sequence of accumulators [a0; a1; a2; ...] where a1 is f a0 x0, a2 is f a1 x1, and so on.

Thus, scan f a0 xs is conceptually related to fold_left f a0 xs. However, instead of performing an eager iteration and immediately returning the final accumulator, it returns a sequence of accumulators.

For instance, scan (+) 0 transforms a sequence of integers into the sequence of its partial sums.

If xs has length n then scan f a0 xs has length n+1.

since 4.14

valtake : ``int-> 'a t -> 'a t

take n xs is the sequence of the first n elements of xs.

If xs has fewer than n elements, then take n xs is equivalent to xs.

n must be nonnegative.

raises Invalid_argument

if n is negative.
since 4.14

valdrop : ``int-> 'a t -> 'a t

drop n xs is the sequence xs, deprived of its first n elements.

If xs has fewer than n elements, then drop n xs is empty.

n must be nonnegative.

drop is lazy: the first n+1 elements of the sequence xs are demanded only when the first element of drop n xs is demanded. For this reason, drop 1 xs is not equivalent to tail xs, which queries xs immediately.

raises Invalid_argument

if n is negative.
since 4.14

val take_while : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a t

take_while p xs is the longest prefix of the sequence xs where every element x satisfies p x.

since 4.14

val drop_while : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a t

drop_while p xs is the sequence xs, deprived of the prefix take_while p xs.

since 4.14

val group : ``('a -> 'a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a t t

Provided the function eq defines an equality on elements, group eq xs is the sequence of the maximal runs of adjacent duplicate elements of the sequence xs.

Every element of group eq xs is a nonempty sequence of equal elements.

The concatenation concat (group eq xs) is equal to xs.

Consuming group eq xs, and consuming the sequences that it contains, can cause xs to be consumed more than once. Therefore, xs must be persistent.

since 4.14

valmemoize :'a t -> 'a t

The sequence memoize xs has the same elements as the sequence xs.

Regardless of whether xs is ephemeral or persistent, memoize xs is persistent: even if it is queried several times, xs is queried at most once.

The construction of the sequence memoize xs internally relies on suspensions provided by the module Lazy. These suspensions are not thread-safe. Therefore, the sequence memoize xs must not be queried by multiple threads concurrently.

since 4.14

exception Forced_twice

This exception is raised when a sequence returned by once (or a suffix of it) is queried more than once.

since 4.14

valonce :'a t -> 'a t

The sequence once xs has the same elements as the sequence xs.

Regardless of whether xs is ephemeral or persistent, once xs is an ephemeral sequence: it can be queried at most once. If it (or a suffix of it) is queried more than once, then the exception Forced_twice is raised. This can be useful, while debugging or testing, to ensure that a sequence is consumed at most once.

raises Forced_twice

if once xs, or a suffix of it, is queried more than once.
since 4.14

valtranspose :'a t t -> 'a t t

If xss is a matrix (a sequence of rows), then transpose xss is the sequence of the columns of the matrix xss.

The rows of the matrix xss are not required to have the same length.

The matrix xss is not required to be finite (in either direction).

The matrix xss must be persistent.

since 4.14

Combining sequences

valappend :'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t

append xs ys is the concatenation of the sequences xs and ys.

Its elements are the elements of xs, followed by the elements of ys.

since 4.11

valconcat :'a t t -> 'a t

If xss is a sequence of sequences, then concat xss is its concatenation.

If xss is the sequence xs0; xs1; ... then concat xss is the sequence xs0 @ xs1 @ ....

since 4.13

val flat_map : ``('a -> 'b t)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t

flat_map f xs is equivalent to concat (map f xs).

val concat_map : ``('a -> 'b t)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t

concat_map f xs is equivalent to concat (map f xs).

concat_map is an alias for flat_map.

since 4.13

valzip :'a t -> 'b t -> ``('a*'b)`` t

zip xs ys is the sequence of pairs (x, y) drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then the sequence ends as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored.

zip xs ys is equivalent to map2 (fun a b -> (a, b)) xs ys.

since 4.14

val map2 : ``('a -> 'b -> 'c)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t -> 'c t

map2 f xs ys is the sequence of the elements f x y, where the pairs (x, y) are drawn synchronously from the sequences xs and ys.

If the sequences xs and ys have different lengths, then the sequence ends as soon as one sequence is exhausted; the excess elements in the other sequence are ignored.

map2 f xs ys is equivalent to map (fun (x, y) -> f x y) (zip xs ys).

since 4.14

valinterleave :'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t

interleave xs ys is the sequence that begins with the first element of xs, continues with the first element of ys, and so on.

When one of the sequences xs and ys is exhausted, interleave xs ys continues with the rest of the other sequence.

since 4.14

val sorted_merge : ``('a -> 'a ->int)``-> 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t

If the sequences xs and ys are sorted according to the total preorder cmp, then sorted_merge cmp xs ys is the sorted sequence obtained by merging the sequences xs and ys.

For more details on comparison functions, see Array.sort.

since 4.14

valproduct :'a t -> 'b t -> ``('a*'b)`` t

product xs ys is the Cartesian product of the sequences xs and ys.

For every element x of xs and for every element y of ys, the pair (x, y) appears once as an element of product xs ys.

The order in which the pairs appear is unspecified.

The sequences xs and ys are not required to be finite.

The sequences xs and ys must be persistent.

since 4.14

val map_product : ``('a -> 'b -> 'c)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t -> 'c t

The sequence map_product f xs ys is the image through f of the Cartesian product of the sequences xs and ys.

For every element x of xs and for every element y of ys, the element f x y appears once as an element of map_product f xs ys.

The order in which these elements appear is unspecified.

The sequences xs and ys are not required to be finite.

The sequences xs and ys must be persistent.

map_product f xs ys is equivalent to map (fun (x, y) -> f x y) (product xs ys).

since 4.14

Splitting a sequence into two sequences

val unzip : ``('a*'b)`` t -> 'a t*'b t

unzip transforms a sequence of pairs into a pair of sequences.

unzip xs is equivalent to (map fst xs, map snd xs).

Querying either of the sequences returned by unzip xs causes xs to be queried. Therefore, querying both of them causes xs to be queried twice. Thus, xs must be persistent and cheap. If that is not the case, use unzip (memoize xs).

since 4.14

val split : ``('a*'b)`` t -> 'a t*'b t

split is an alias for unzip.

since 4.14

val partition_map : ``('a -> ``('b, 'c)`` Either.t)`` -> 'a t -> 'b t*'c t

partition_map f xs returns a pair of sequences (ys, zs), where:

ys is the sequence of the elements y such that f x = Left y, where x ranges over xs;
zs is the sequence of the elements z such that f x = Right z, where x ranges over xs.

partition_map f xs is equivalent to a pair of filter_map Either.find_left (map f xs) and filter_map Either.find_right (map f xs).

Querying either of the sequences returned by partition_map f xs causes xs to be queried. Therefore, querying both of them causes xs to be queried twice. Thus, xs must be persistent and cheap. If that is not the case, use partition_map f (memoize xs).

since 4.14

val partition : ``('a ->bool)``-> 'a t -> 'a t*'a t

partition p xs returns a pair of the subsequence of the elements of xs that satisfy p and the subsequence of the elements of xs that do not satisfy p.

partition p xs is equivalent to filter p xs, filter (fun x -> not (p x)) xs.

Consuming both of the sequences returned by partition p xs causes xs to be consumed twice and causes the function f to be applied twice to each element of the list. Therefore, f should be pure and cheap. Furthermore, xs should be persistent and cheap. If that is not the case, use partition p (memoize xs).

since 4.14

\Converting between sequences and dispensers

A dispenser is a representation of a sequence as a function of type unit -> 'a option. Every time this function is invoked, it returns the next element of the sequence. When there are no more elements, it returns None. A dispenser has mutable internal state, therefore is ephemeral: the sequence that it represents can be consumed at most once.

valof_dispenser : ``(``unit-> 'aoption``)``-> 'a t

of_dispenser it is the sequence of the elements produced by the dispenser it. It is an ephemeral sequence: it can be consumed at most once. If a persistent sequence is needed, use memoize (of_dispenser it).

since 4.14

valto_dispenser :'a t ->``unit-> 'a option

to_dispenser xs is a fresh dispenser on the sequence xs.

This dispenser has mutable internal state, which is not protected by a lock; so, it must not be used by several threads concurrently.

since 4.14

Sequences of integers

valints : ``int->``intt

ints i is the infinite sequence of the integers beginning at i and counting up.

since 4.14

More from the DkSDK Book

1. DkSDK
1. 1. Package capnp
  1. 1. Module Capnp
    1. 1. Module type MessageSig.MESSAGE
        Module type MessageSig.S
        Module S.ListStorage
        Module S.Message
        Module S.Object
        Module S.Segment
        Module S.Slice
        Module S.StructStorage
        Module type MessageSig.SEGMENT
        Module type MessageSig.SLICE
    1. Module Capnp_unix
  1. Package cmdliner
  1. 1. Module Cmdliner
    1. Module Cmdliner_arg
    1. Module Cmdliner_base
    1. Module Cmdliner_cline
    1. Module Cmdliner_cmd
    1. Module Cmdliner_docgen
    1. Module Cmdliner_eval
    1. Module Cmdliner_info
    1. Module Cmdliner_manpage
    1. Module Cmdliner_msg
    1. Module Cmdliner_term
    1. Module Cmdliner_term_deprecated
    1. Module Cmdliner_trie
  1. Package fmt
  1. 1. Module Fmt
    1. Module Fmt_cli
    1. Module Fmt_tty
  1. Package logs
  1. 1. Module Logs
    1. 1. Module type Logs.LOG
      1. ...
    1. Module Logs_cli
    1. Module Logs_fmt
    1. Module Logs_lwt
    1. 1. Module type Logs_lwt.LOG
    1. Module Logs_threaded
  1. Package lwt
  1. 1. Module Lwt
    1. Module Lwt_bytes
    1. Module Lwt_condition
    1. Module Lwt_config
    1. Module Lwt_engine
    1. Module Lwt_features
    1. Module Lwt_fmt
    1. Module Lwt_gc
    1. Module Lwt_io
    1. 1. Module type Lwt_io.NumberIO
    1. Module Lwt_list
    1. Module Lwt_main
    1. 1. Module type Lwt_main.Hooks
    1. Module Lwt_mutex
    1. Module Lwt_mvar
    1. Module Lwt_pool
    1. Module Lwt_pqueue
    1. 1. Module type Lwt_pqueue.OrderedType
        Module type Lwt_pqueue.S
    1. Module Lwt_preemptive
    1. Module Lwt_process
    1. Module Lwt_result
    1. Module Lwt_seq
    1. Module Lwt_sequence
    1. Module Lwt_stream
    1. Module Lwt_switch
    1. Module Lwt_sys
    1. Module Lwt_throttle
    1. 1. Module type Lwt_throttle.S
    1. Module Lwt_timeout
    1. Module Lwt_unix
  1. Package mtime
  1. 1. Module Mtime
    1. Module Mtime_clock
  1. Package ocaml
  1. 1. Module Bigarray
    1. Module Condition
    1. Module Dynlink
    1. Module Event
    1. Module Mutex
    1. Module Profiling
    1. Module Semaphore
    1. Module Stdlib
    1. 1. ...
      1. Module Stdlib.Seq
    1. Module Str
    1. Module Thread
    1. Module ThreadUnix
    1. Module Topdirs
    1. Module Unix
    1. Module UnixLabels
  1. Package
  1. Package result
  1. 1. Module Result
  1. Package stdint
  1. 1. Module Stdint
    1. 1. Module type Stdint.Int